He aha nā ʻano o nā Bateri Lithium-ion?

Ka hiki a me ka Electromotive Force o Lithium{0}}ion Material Battery

I ka wā o ka ho'ouka-ka ho'oku'u 'ana o ka lithium-ion, 'o nā mea 'eleu wale nō o nā electrodes maika'i a me ka 'ino'ole e hana i ka lithium-ion intercalation/deintercalation reactions, a'o ka electrolyte a me nā mea 'ē a'e e pau 'ole. No laila, ʻo ka hiki i nā mea electrode maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole ke hoʻohuli/deintercalate lithium ion e hoʻoholo ai i ka wehe -volt circuit o ka pākaukau, a ʻo ka nui o nā lithium ion intercalating/deintercalating e hoʻoholo i ka hiki o ka mea hana. Nui nā mea hana pākaukau lithium-ion honua a me nā mea ho'olako pākaukau lithium-ion i kēia mau hi'ohi'ona no ka ho'okō 'ana i ka hana nui a pa'a ka hana huahana.

No ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole, loaʻa ka hopena e like me ka Equation (1.2). No kēlā me kēia mole kalapona (12g), hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka nui o 1/6 mol o nā ion lithium. No laila, ka theoretical kiko'ī mana o carbon kino electrode mea
1/6(mol)×96485(Faraday mau,C/mol)/12(g)=3400C/g=372(mA·h/g) (1.5)

Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā, e noʻonoʻo ana i ka nalowale o ka lithium ma muli o ka adsorption a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke kiʻi paʻa electrolyte interphase (SEI), ʻo 300-345 mA·h/g ka mea hiki ke loaʻa maoli. Loaʻa kēia pae ma o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka graphite maikaʻi loa a me nā kaʻina hana hoʻopiʻi pololei.

No ka mea electrode maikaʻi, ʻo kona hiki ke hilinaʻi i ka nui o nā ion lithium i hiki ke unuhi / hoʻokomo. E lawe i ka LiCoO₂ ma ke ʻano he laʻana, hiki i ka 1 mol o nā ion lithium no ka mole o LiCoO₂ hiki ke komo i ka hopena. No laila, ʻo ka mana o ka LiCoO₂ (relative molecular mass 97.86)
1(mol)×96485(C/mol)/97.86(g)=985.95C/g=273.9(mA·h/g) (1.6)

I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, no ka mālama ʻana i ka paʻa aniani o nā mea LiCoO₂, ma ke ʻano he 30%-60% wale nō o nā ion lithium e komo i ka hopena. No laila, ʻo 137–164 mA·h/g ka mana kikoʻī maoli o nā mea LiCoO₂. Manaʻo nā mea hana OEM pākaukau lithium -ion nui i ka hohonu o ka hoʻopiʻi a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana ma o BMS kiʻekiʻe e hoʻonui i ke ola pōʻaiapuni me ka mālama ʻana i ka palekana.

No ka lithium iron phosphate, hiki i ka 1 mol o nā ion lithium no ka mole o ka lithium iron phosphate ke komo piha i ka hopena. No laila, ʻo ka manaʻo a me ka mana kikoʻī maoli o ka mea lithium hao phosphate (relative molecular mass 157.8)
1(mol)×96485(C/mol)/157.8(g) =611.44C/g=169.8(mA·h/g) (1.7)

Ma ke ʻano, ʻo ka mana redox maʻamau o Li/Li⁺ ka haʻahaʻa loa, a hiki i -3.04 V (vs. hydrogen electrode maʻamau). No nā mea electrode kalapona maikaʻi ʻole, ʻo ka hiki o ka hoʻoiho lithium-ion a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana kokoke i ka hiki ke kaulike Li/Li⁺. E like me ka electrochemical theory, ma ka lumi wela, ka electrode potential E o ka carbon negative electrode

E=E degere + 0.02567 · ln[C(Li⁺)/C(Li,C₆)] (1.8)

i hea
E degere - hikiwawe electrode maʻamau;
C(Li⁺) - ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā ion lithium i loko o ka solution electrolyte;
C(Li,C₆) - kaona o na iona lithium i ke kalapona electrode ino.

Ke hoʻokokoke ka manaʻo o ka lithium ion i loko o ka hoʻonā a me ke kalapona electrode maikaʻi ʻole, ua like ka electrode hiki o ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole i ka pae hoʻohaʻahaʻa maʻamau E. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ua paʻa ka manaʻo o ka lithium ion i ka electrolyte, no laila e hoʻololi i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka lithium ion i loko o ke kalapona electrode maikaʻi ʻole e hoʻololi i ka pono electrode maikaʻi ʻole. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe ala āpau e helu ai i ka hiki ke kaulike pololei o Li/C₆ me nā kumu helu x like ʻole. Hoʻoholo ʻia ma ka hoʻokolohua maʻamau. Hōʻike nā hoʻokolohua ʻokoʻa ka hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia o nā mea ma muli o ka graphite-ma waena o 0–0.4 V (vs. Li/Li⁺), i mea e kūpono ai nā mea electrode maikaʻi ʻole no nā noi. Hōʻike ke Kiʻi 1.2 i ka ʻōkuhi maʻamau{10}}hoʻokuʻu ʻano o kahi electrode graphite ʻino.

No ka LiCoO₂ mau mea electrode maikaʻi, ʻo ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe lithium/deintercalation hoʻokahi -ʻano pane. E like me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka lithium ion i loko o nā mea electrode maikaʻi, hoʻololi pū ka hiki o ka electrode maikaʻi. No ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka lithium ion i loko o ka electrolyte he 1 mol/L, no ka pane ʻana i ka Equation (1.1), ʻo ka mana electrode kūpono E.

E=E degere + 0.02567 · ln[C(Li⁺,CoO₂)/C(LiCoO₂)] (1.9)

i hea
E degere - hikiwawe electrode maʻamau;
C(LiCoO₂) - kaona o ka LiCoO₂ i ka mea electrode maikai;
C(Li⁺,CoO₂) - ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o Li⁺ a me CoO₂ i loko o ka mea electrode maikaʻi;
I ka lawe ʻia ʻana o nā lithium ion, hōʻike ka mana electrode maikaʻi i kahi ʻano iho.

ʻO ke kaʻina hana hoʻokuʻu -o ka mea lithium hao phosphate ka hoʻololi ʻana mai ka lithium iron phosphate i ka hao phosphate ma hope o ka wehe ʻana.

ʻO ka hopena ma ka lithium iron phosphate electrode
LiFePO₄ ↔ FePO₄ + Li⁺ + e⁻ (1.10)

ʻO kāna kaʻina hana lithium-ion intercalation/deintercalation he ʻelua{1}}pānaehana. No laila, ʻaʻole pili ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka lithium ion i ka mea electrode maikaʻi i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka electrode maikaʻi. ʻO kona hiki ke kaulike

E=E degere + 0.02567 · ln[C(FePO₄)/C(LiFePO₄)] (1.11)

ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā mea paʻa maʻemaʻe ʻo 1. Ma muli o kāna mau ʻāpana thermodynamic, ʻo ka hiki ke kaulike kaulike ʻo 3.4 V.

Hōʻike ʻia ke kiʻi maʻamau -hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka mea lithium hao phosphate ma ke Kiʻi 1.3.

Nā ʻano hana o nā Batteri Lithium-ion

I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe, loaʻa i nā pākahi lithium-ion nā hiʻohiʻona i ʻike nui ʻia e nā mea hoʻolaha pākaukau lithium-ion a me nā mea kūʻai aku ʻoihana:

Kiʻekiʻe ikehu kiʻekiʻe.Hiki i ka 100 W·h/kg a me 200 W·h/L ka mānoanoa o ka ikehu o nā pākahi lithium-iona. Ua loaʻa i nā ʻōhua lithium -ion ternary cathode i ka ikehu kikoʻī o 200 W·h/kg. Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea anode ma muli o -nickel silicon-kiʻekiʻe a me ka lithium-mea waiwai cathode, manaʻo ʻia ka ikehu kikoʻī e hiki i 400 W·h/kg a me ka mānoanoa o ka ikehu volumetric 900 W·h/L, ʻoi aku ma mua o nā pākahi kuʻuna. No laila, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā ʻona lithium{13}}iona i nā huahana uila a me nā kaʻa uila.

Kiʻekiʻe wehe -kapili uila.Ma muli o ka ho'ohana 'ana i nā mea ho'ohehe'e wai 'ole, hiki i ka vol-cell ho'okahi i ka 3.6–3.8 V, 'o ia ho'i he 2-3 manawa o ko nickel-metal hydride a i 'ole nickel-cadmium batteries. Me ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā mea cathode kiʻekiʻe e hiki ai ke hoʻonui i ka voluma hana o ke kelepona hoʻokahi i 4.5–5 V, ʻo ia kekahi o nā kumu nui o ka nui o ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻona lithium-ion.

Hiki i ka -kiʻekiʻe ke hoʻouka a me ka hoʻokuʻu.No ka laʻana, hiki i nā ʻakika lithium-paʻa paʻa a pau e hoʻohana ana i nā electrolytes polymer hiki ke loaʻa ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana ma luna o 10C me ka palekana maikaʻi; nā ʻakika lithium -iona e hoʻohana ana i ka lithium iron phosphate no ka mea hiki i ka cathode ke hoʻokuʻu i 100C.

Haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa -hoʻokuʻu.Ma ka lumi wela, he emi iho ma lalo o 10% ka nui o ka ho'oku'u 'ana iho o nā 'anikona lithium-i kēlā me kēia mahina ma mua o 10%, ha'aha'a ma mua o ka nickel-bateri hydride metala (15%) a me ka hapalua o ka nickel-cadmium bateria. 'O ka nui o ka ho'oku'u 'ia 'ana o nā pākahiko lithium iron phosphate ma lalo o 3%.

Pili kaiapuni,ʻaʻohe kepau, cadmium, mercury, a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe, a ʻaʻole hoʻohaumia i ke kaiapuni.

ʻAʻohe hopena hoʻomanaʻo.ʻO ka hopena hoʻomanaʻo e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka emi ʻana o ka mana o ka pākaukau ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana a i ʻole hoʻohana ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻopiha piha ʻana (ʻaʻole hiki ke pohō ka hopena hoʻomanaʻo). ʻAʻohe hopena hoʻomanaʻo i nā ʻakika Lithium-ion.

Ka palekana maikaʻi.Hoʻohana maʻamau nā ʻakika Lithium-iona i nā mea kalapona ma ke ʻano he electrode ʻino, nona ka mana electrode kokoke i ka lithium metala. Hiki ke hoʻohuli hou ʻia nā ion Lithium a me ka deintercalate i ke kalapona, e hōʻemi nui ana i ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka metala lithium a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻana i ka palekana pākaukau. I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hōʻoia ʻia nā mea hoʻohui ahi -hōʻemi, nā mea hoʻokaʻawale ahi-, PTC (positive temperature coefficient), nā pahupahū -hōʻike manaʻo pahū, nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele pila, a me nā ʻenehana ʻē aʻe i hōʻoia i ka palekana kiʻekiʻe loa o nā pākahi lithium-iona.

Ola pōʻaiapuni lōʻihi.ʻOi aku ma mua o 500 mau pōʻaiapuni ke ola pōʻaiapili o nā ʻeke lithium-ion. He 2000-3000 mau pōʻaiapuni ke ola pōʻaiapuni o nā ʻeke lithium iron phosphate. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻōnaehana mea anode me ka hiki ke hoʻokele kiʻekiʻe (e like me ka lithium titanate), hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ma mua o 10,000 mau pōʻai. ʻO kēia ka mea i koho maikaʻi ʻia ai nā pākaukau lithium hao phosphate no nā ʻōnaehana pākaukau mālama ikehu a me nā papahana ESS nui -nui.