He aha ka Organic Electrolyte?

ʻO ka electrolyte organik kahi hopena alakaʻi kahi e lawelawe ai nā pūhui organik i mea hoʻoheheʻe no nā paʻakai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. Hiki i kēia mau electrolytes ke lawe i ka ion ma waena o nā electrodes i loko o nā pila ma o ka ho'ohana 'ana i nā mea ho'ohehe'e kalapona e like me ka ethylene carbonate a i 'ole dimethyl carbonate, ma mua o ka wai a me nā mea 'ole.

Inā ʻoe i noʻonoʻohe aha ka pākaukau lithiumhana ʻia, noho ka electrolyte ma ka puʻuwai o kāna hana. Ke hilinaʻi nei nā ʻona Lithium{1}}iona i nā electrolytes organik no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā ion lithium ma waena o ka cathode a me ka anode i ka wā o ka hoʻouka a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana. Inā ʻaʻole kēia ʻano wai, ʻaʻole e holo ka pākaukau.

Aia ka pa'akai ma'amau i ka pa'akai lithium-ka mea ma'amau ka lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆)-i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka hui ʻana o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik. Hoʻokumu kēia i kahi hoʻonā me ka conductivity ionic kiʻekiʻe e hiki ai i nā ion lithium i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia ke neʻe manuahi ʻoiai e pale ana i ka holo ʻana o ka electron, kahi e hoʻopōkole ai.

Hoʻohana nā ʻakika lithium -ʻoihana i nā mea electrolytes ma mua o ka wai (ka wai-ma muli o ka wai) no ke kumu nui: paʻa mau nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik ma nā volt i ʻoi aku ma mua o 4.5 volts. Hoʻololi pololei ʻia kēia pōmaikaʻi o ka volta i loko o nā ʻōhua ikehu kiʻekiʻe.

ʻOkoʻa ke ʻano o nā electrolytes organik e pili ana i nā koi noi, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā solvents:

Cyclic Carbonates:

Hāʻawi ka Ethylene carbonate (EC) i ka paʻakai paʻakai kiʻekiʻe a paʻa i ka wela o ka lumi.

He wai ka propylene carbonate (PC) akā hiki ke hana i ka exfoliation graphite i kekahi mau mea anode

Hōʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo Vinylene carbonate (VC) ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa electrode

Linear Carbonates:

Hāʻawi ʻo Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) i ka viscosity haʻahaʻa no ka lawe ʻana i ka ion maikaʻi

ʻO ka Diethyl carbonate (DEC) ke kaulike i ka conductivity a me ka palekana

Hoʻohui ʻo Ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) i nā waiwai o DMC a me DEC

Hoʻohui ʻia ka hapa nui o nā ʻoihana kalepa i nā carbonate cyclic a me linear. Loaʻa i kahi hui maʻamau ka 30% EC me 70% DEC, e hana ana i kahi wai me ka conductivity kiʻekiʻe a me ka viscosity kūpono. ʻO ka honua lithium -ion battery electrolyte solvent market i hōʻea i $10.55 biliona ma 2024 a ke manaʻo ʻia nei e ulu i $28.12 biliona e 2034, e hōʻike ana i ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi o kēia mau mea.

Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ma muli o ka Ether-:

Hāʻawi ka 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) i ka paʻa me nā anodes metala lithium

Hāʻawi ʻo Tetrahydrofuran (THF) i ka viscosity haʻahaʻa

Hoʻomaikaʻi ka 1,3-dioxolane i ka maikaʻi o ke kaʻa

Ke noiʻi nei nā mea noiʻi i nā wai ionic ma ke ʻano he palekana palekana. He wai kēia mau paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma ka lumi wela a hāʻawi ʻaneʻane ʻaʻohe kaomi mahu, ʻaʻole ia e hiki ke hoʻā. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kā lākou viscosity kiʻekiʻe e hōʻemi i ka conductivity ionic i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā solvents organik maʻamau.

ʻO ka mīkini hana maʻalahi akā nani. I ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā ion lithium ma ka anode i ka electrolyte a neʻe i ka cathode. ʻAʻole hiki i nā electron ke hele i loko o ka electrolyte, hele ma ke kaapuni waho-ʻo kēia kahe electron ʻo ia ke au uila e hoʻoikaika ai i nā mea hana.

Pono ka electrolyte e hoʻokō i kekahi mau koi hoʻokūkū. Pono ia i ka viscosity haʻahaʻa no ka neʻe ʻana o ka ion wikiwiki, kiʻekiʻe dielectric mau e hoʻokaʻawale i ka paʻakai lithium, ākea electrochemical stability window e pale ai i ka decomposition, a me ke kūpaʻa kemika me nā electrodes ʻelua. He paʻakikī ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea e kaulike ana i kēia mau waiwai āpau.

Hoʻokahi hanana koʻikoʻi e kū mai ana ma nā wahi electrode: ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Ke hoʻopiʻi mua ka pākaukau, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka electrolyte ma ka ʻili anode, e hana ana i kahi ʻāpana pale lahilahi. Hiki i kēia SEI ke hele i nā ion lithium i ka wā e pale ana i nā electron a pale i ka decomposition electrolyte hou aʻe. ʻO ka maikaʻi a me ka paʻa o kēia papa e hoʻopilikia nui i ke ola a me ka palekana.

Organic Electrolyte

ʻO ke koho ma waena o nā electrolytes organik a me ka wai e pili ana i nā tradeoffs kumu. Hāʻawi nā ʻōnaehana wai i ka hoʻoili ʻana ionic kiʻekiʻe-e hoʻoneʻe i nā iona ma mua o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik. ʻOi aku ka palekana, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi, a me ka maʻalahi o ka mālama ʻana no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki ke puhi ʻia ka wai.

Akā, ʻo kēlā puka makani paʻa 1.23-volt e pepehi i nā ʻōnaehana wai no ka nui o nā noi. Hoʻohana ʻia nā pākahi Lithium-ion ma waena o 3.7 a me 4.2 volts, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka wai e hiki ke kū. Ua hoʻoneʻe kekahi poʻe noiʻi i nā ʻōnaehana wai i 2.0-2.5 volts me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻonā paʻakai koʻikoʻi, akā hāʻawi kēia i ka pono kumukūʻai a hoʻopuka i nā pilikia hou.

ʻAʻole no ka maikaʻi loa o nā electrolytes organik, akā no ka mea ʻo ia ka koho maikaʻi loa no nā noi kiʻekiʻe -volt. He mea ko'iko'i ka pono o ka ikehu -o ia ka 'oko'a ma waena o ke ka'a uwila me 100 mile me 300 mile.

ʻO ka hemahema nui o nā electrolytes organik he flammability. Hiki ke ʻā nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kalapona, a ʻo ke ahi pākaukau lithium{1}}ion e hoʻohua mai i ka wela nui. Holoi wela -kahi e hoʻolalelale ai ka wela o loko i nā hopena kemika e hoʻonui i ka wela-hiki ke alakaʻi i ke ahi a pahū paha.

Hoʻoponopono kekahi mau hoʻolālā i kēia pilikia:

Pākuʻi -AlaʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā pūhui e like me trimethyl phosphate a i ʻole fluorinated solvents e hōʻemi i ka flammability. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma 2020 i nā electrolytes nonflammable ma muli o EC-me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)carbonate. Ua holo nā pūnaewele e hoʻohana ana i kēia hoʻolālā no 100 mau pōʻaiapuni ma 4.5V uku ʻoki-kūlana e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā electrolytes maʻamau.

Nā Electrolytes Mokuʻāina Paʻa -:ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā electrolytes wai me nā mea paʻa (polymers a i ʻole ceramics) e hoʻopau loa i ka flammability. Eia nō naʻe, ke kū nei nā electrolytes paʻa i nā luʻina: haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ionic conductivity i ka lumi wela, ka launa pū ʻana me nā electrodes, a me ka brittleness. Hōʻike ka ʻenehana i ka ʻōlelo hoʻohiki akā ʻaʻole i kūlike me ka hana o nā ʻōnaehana wai.

Nā Electrolytes Ki'eki'e{0}}Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paʻakai paʻakai 3-5 ma kahi o ka molar 1 maʻamau e hoʻololi i ke ʻano electrolyte. I loko o nā ʻōnaehana koʻikoʻi loa, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā molekala solvent i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia, e hōʻemi ana i ka flammability a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kūpaʻa. Ua hōʻike ʻo LiFSI (lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide) i loko o ia mau hoʻonohonoho i ka palekana me ka mālama ʻana i ka hana maikaʻi.

Ke ʻike nei ka mākeke electrolyte i ka hoʻonui wikiwiki. Ua kū ka mākeke electrolyte pākaukau lithium ma $ 5.8 biliona ma 2025 a ke manaʻo ʻia nei e hōʻea i $ 18.3 biliona e 2035, e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o ka makahiki he 12.2%. Ma muli o ka ho'ohana 'ana i ke ka'a uwila a me ka ho'omoe 'ana i ka ikehu ma ka mākia -nui.

Ua lanakila ʻo Asia Pacific i ka hana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana, e helu ana ma kahi o 35% o ka mākeke honua. Ua kūkulu ʻo Kina, ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka mana hana electrolyte nui e kākoʻo i kāna ʻoihana pākaukau home. ʻO nā hui e like me Guangzhou Tinci Materials Technology a me Shenzhen Capchem Technology e alakaʻi i ka lako honua.

ʻO ka ʻāpana kaʻa kaʻa e hoʻolalelale i ka koi -e hoʻohana i nā kaʻa uila i kēia manawa i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pākaukau ma mua o nā mea uila uila, kahi hoʻohuli ʻana mai ʻelima mau makahiki i hala. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia pahu pākahi EV he mau lita o ka electrolyte, a ua ʻoi aku ke kūʻai aku ʻana o ka EV honua ma mua o 14 miliona mau ʻāpana i ka makahiki 2023. Ke koi nei kēia manaʻo kaʻa i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā electrolytes i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ke ola pōʻai lōʻihi a me ka hana wela ākea ma mua o ka nui o ka ikehu.

Hōʻike nā kuhikuhi noiʻi hou i kahi e hele ai ke kahua. Ho'okahi wahi i ho'ohiki 'ia, 'o ia ka -concentration electrolytes (LHCEs). Hoʻohana kēia mau ʻōnaehana i kahi mea liʻiliʻi o ka fluorinated solvent e hana i kahi kaiapuni kūloko nui a puni ka paʻakai lithium, a laila hoʻoheheʻe i kēia me kahi cosolvent inert ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi. Hoʻohui ka hopena i nā pōmaikaʻi o nā ʻōnaehana kiʻekiʻe-me ke kumu kūʻai kūpono a me ka viscosity.

ʻO kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka papa SEI ma o nā mea hoʻohui electrolyte. Hiki i nā mea liʻiliʻi (1-5%) o nā pūhui kikoʻī ke hoʻololi nui i nā ʻano ma ka ʻili electrode. ʻO Vinylene carbonate, no ka laʻana, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni SEI paʻa. Ke nānā mau nei nā mea noiʻi ma ke alakaʻi ʻana i nā keʻena pākaukau i nā haneli o nā mea hoʻohui me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka chemistry computational ma mua o ka synthesizing i nā moho hoʻohiki maikaʻi loa.

Hōʻike nā ʻakika -paʻa{1}}a pau i ka haʻalele nui loa mai ka ʻenehana o kēia manawa. ʻO Toyota, Samsung, a me QuantumScape kekahi o nā hui e hoʻopukapuka nui ana i nā electrolytes paʻa. Inā kūleʻa, hiki i kēia mau ʻōnaehana ke hāʻawi aku i ka 50% ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikehu ma mua o nā pākahi lithium -ion i kēia manawa me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ke ahi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻoholo ʻia nā pilikia ʻenehana e pili ana i ka paʻa ʻana o ka interface.

No ka holomua o ka Lithium, ua ho'ohana ka po'e noi'i i nā ala like i nā 'akika sodium{0}}ion. ʻOi aku ka nui a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka sodium ma mua o ka lithium, e hoʻonanea ana i nā ʻōnaehana ion- sodium no ka waiho paʻa ʻana ma kahi e emi ai ke kaumaha. ʻO ka nūhou maikaʻi: nui nā electrolytes organik i kūkulu ʻia no nā ʻōnaehana lithium e hana pono me ka sodium.

ʻOkoʻa iki nā pilikia. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā ion sodium ma mua o nā ion lithium, e pili ana i nā waiwai halihali a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o SEI. Pono nā electrolytes e hoʻoponopono e hoʻokō i kēia mau ʻokoʻa. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ester-(e like me ka ethyl acetate a i ʻole methyl propionate) i kekahi manawa me ka sodium ma mua o ka carbonate-mea hana.

Ke hoʻohana nei nā ʻakika sodium -ion kalepa mai nā hui e like me CATL i nā electrolytes organik e like me nā ʻōnaehana lithium-ion, ʻo ia hoʻi ka sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF₆) i loko o nā hui carbonate. ʻAʻole i kūlike ka ʻenehana i ka hana lithium-ion i kēia manawa, akā no nā noi e like me ka mālama ʻana i ka lā noho, ʻoi aku ka "maikaʻi" ma ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa.

Paio nā electrolytes organik i nā wela wela. Ma lalo o -20 degere, pi'i ka viscosity a lohi loa ka halihali lithium-ion. Ma luna aʻe o 60 degere, wikiwiki nā hopena decomposition a pilikia ke ola pākaukau.

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā electrolytes ma muli o ka Ether-ma ke anu ma mua o ka carbonate-, ʻoiai ua hāʻawi lākou i kahi paʻa uila. No ka noiʻi i paʻi ʻia i ka makahiki 2024, ua hōʻike ʻia nā pāpaʻi metala -sodium e hana ana ma -40 degere me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā electrolytes ether i hana pono ʻia. ʻO ke kī e pili ana i ke kaulike ʻana i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana -pehea e hoʻonohonoho ai nā molekala hoʻoheheʻe a puni nā ion-e mālama i ka neʻe ʻana o ka ion me ke anuanu.

No nā noi ma'amau -ki'eki'e, hā'awi nā ether fluorinated a me nā ester phosphate i ka pa'a 'oi a'e ma mua o nā carbonate ma'amau. ʻO nā noi koa a me ka aerospace i kekahi manawa e hōʻoia i ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o kēia mau electrolytes kūikawā.

Hōʻike ʻia nā electrolytes organik i loko o nā kemika pākaukau ma waho o ka lithium-ion. ʻO nā ʻaniani Lithium-sulfur, e hāʻawi ana i ka ikehu ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka nui o ka ikehu, pono i nā electrolytes e pale ai i ka hemo ʻana o polysulfide. Ua hoʻomohala nā mea noiʻi i nā electrolytes ma muli o ka ether-me nā mea hoʻohui like lithium nitrate e hoʻoponopono i kēia.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā pākaʻi kahe organik i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e like me ka mea hana ma mua o nā electrodes paʻa. Hoʻopili kēia mau ʻōnaehana i ka electrolyte ma o ka pākaukau, e ʻae ana i ka hiki ke hoʻonui kūʻokoʻa mai ka mana. Hōʻike nā mea hoʻoheheʻe quinones, viologens, a me TEMPO i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai a i ʻole nā mea electrolytes organik no ka mālama ʻana i ka pālākiō.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻeke ea Zinc{0}}i kekahi manawa i nā electrolytes organik e pale ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka zinc dendrite. Pono nā ʻakika Magnesium-ma nā ʻāpana noiʻi-pono i nā electrolytes kūikawā no ka mea ʻaʻole hana ka magnesium i kahi papa passivating e like me ka lithium.

Organic Electrolyte

Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka wai ma o ka electrolysis ma nā voltages ma luna o 1.23V, e hana ana i nā kinoea hydrogen a me ka oxygen. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻaniani Lithium-iona ma 3.7-4.2V, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka pae paʻa o ka wai. Noho paʻa nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik i kēia mau volta kiʻekiʻe, e ʻae ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu i kēlā me kēia paona.

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organika i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā pākiki-carbonates, ethers, esters-loaʻa nā paʻa carbon-hydrogen i hoʻoheheʻe koke ʻia i mua o ka oxygen a me ka wela. Ke komo ka pākaukau i ka wela wela, hiki i nā mahana o loko ke ʻoi aku ma mua o 150 degere, a ma ia manawa e ʻā ai kēia mau mea hoʻoheheʻe. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā paʻakai lithium a me nā mea electrode reactive e hoʻolalelale i ka puhi ʻana i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai.

Hoʻopau ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka electrolyte i ka lōʻihi o ka pākaukau ma kahi o 1000-2000 mau pōʻaiapili i nā noi mea kūʻai aku, a i ʻole 8-10 mau makahiki ma nā kaʻa uila. Hoʻomau ʻia nā hopena decomposition ma nā ʻili electrode, e ʻai ana i ka electrolyte a me ka hana ʻana i nā papa insulating. ʻO ka mahana, ka hoʻouka ʻana, a me nā pae uila e pili ana i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka wikiwiki-ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ke ola.

ʻO nā kaʻina hana hou i kēia manawa e nānā nui i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā metala waiwai e like me ka lithium, cobalt, a me ka nickel mai nā electrodes. Hoʻopau pinepine ʻia ka electrolyte a luku ʻia paha i ka wā o ka hydrometallurgical recycling. Ke ho'āʻo nei kekahi mau ala hou e hoʻihoʻi a hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā ʻāpana electrolyte, akā ʻaʻole kēia i hoʻokūkū hoʻokele waiwai me ka hana ʻana i nā electrolyte hou mai nā meaʻai aila.

Hōʻike ka electrolyte organik i kekahi o ia mau ʻenehana e hana maikaʻi loa i hiki i nā mea ʻē aʻe ke hakakā nei e hoʻoneʻe iā ia, ʻoiai me nā palena i ʻike ʻia. ʻOi aku ka palekana o nā ʻōnaehana paʻa, a hāʻawi nā ʻōnaehana wai i ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, akā hāʻawi nā electrolytes wai organik i kēia manawa i ke koena maikaʻi loa o ka hana, ka ikehu, a me ka hana ʻana. No ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻo kēlā me kēia pākahi lithium-ion e hoʻohana ana i kā mākou kelepona, laptops, a me nā kaʻa e loaʻa i kekahi mau milliliters o kēia mau mea hoʻokele ionic kumu kalapona e hana ana i kā lākou hana mālie a koʻikoʻi.