ʻO wai nā ʻano pākaukau Lithium Ion e hana maikaʻi loa iā ʻoe?
Ke nānā nei ʻoe i nā ʻano pākaukau lithium ion a me ka manaʻo e hopohopo ʻia e nā jargon ʻenehana āpau. LCO, NMC, LFP, LTO - he aha ke ʻano o kēia mau leka? ʻO ka mea nui aʻe, ʻo wai ka mea e hoʻopau ʻole i kāu kālā a i ʻole e hoʻopilikia i kāu mau mea hana?
Ua hōʻea ka mākeke pākahi lithium-ion honuaʻO $ 75.2 biliona i 2024a ke ulu nei ma ka a15.8% CAGRma o 2034 (gminsights.com). Me kēia ulu pahū, hiki mai ka huikau e pili ana i ke kemika pākaukau i kūpono i kāu mau pono.
ʻAʻohe mea kūʻai aku - ʻoiaʻiʻo wale nō e pono ai ʻoe e hana i kahi koho akamai.
Ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano pākaukau Lithium Ion: ʻO nā kumu
ʻO nā ʻano pākaukau Lithium ionʻokoʻa nui i kā lākou mau mea cathode. E noʻonoʻo i ka cathode ma ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka pākaukau - e hoʻoholo ai i ka nui o ka ikehu, palekana, ola, a me ke kumu kūʻai.
Ke hana like nā pā lithium a pau: neʻe nā ion lithium ma waena o ka anode (ʻaoʻao ʻino) a me ka cathode (ʻaoʻao maikaʻi) i ka wā e hoʻouka ai a hoʻokuʻu. Akā hoʻololi ka mea cathode i nā mea āpau e pili ana i ka hana.
ʻO ka6 mau ʻano pākaukau lithium ion nuika luna o ka mākeke:
LCO(Lithium Cobalt Oxide)
NMC(Nickel Manganese Cobalt)
LFP(Lithium Iron Phosphate)
LTO(Lithium Titanate)
LMO(Lithium Manganese Oxide)
NCA(Nickel Cobalt Aluminum)
Hāʻawi kēlā me kēia i nā noi like ʻole e pili ana i ka mea āu e koho mua ai: ka nui o ka ikehu, palekana, kumukūʻai, a i ʻole ke ola.
ʻO ka papa inoa piha: 6 Lithium Ion Battery Types i helu ʻia e ka hana
1. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) - Ka Poʻokela Palekana
Voltage:3.2V nominal
ʻO ka nui o ka ikehu:90-205 Wh/kg
Ke ola pōʻaiapuni:1,000-9,000 pōʻaiapuni
Ke Kumu kūʻai:$100-150/kWh
Ua lanakila nā pāka LFP i ka palekana a me ka lōʻihi. ʻAʻole lākou i loko o ka cobalt, hana iā lākouʻoi aku ka paʻa a emi ke kumukūʻaima mua o nā mea ʻokoʻa like kobalt-.
Mea maikaʻi loa no:Ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu o ka lā, nā pahi uila, nā ʻōnaehana mana hoʻihoʻi, nā noi kai
No ke aha e koho ai iā LFP:
ʻO ka wela wela o 270 degerevs 150 degere no LCO (greencubes.com)
Hiki ke lawelawehoʻokuʻu i nā au a hiki i 20C
Hana ʻia ma nā wela wela (-20 degere a 60 degere)
ʻAʻohe pilikia ahiʻoiai i ka wā i ʻō ʻia a i ʻeha paha
Nā pōʻino:
ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka ikehu, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui a me ke kaumaha
ʻOi aʻe iki{0}}ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana
2. Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) - Ka Mea Hana Kaulike
Voltage:3.6V nominal
ʻO ka nui o ka ikehu:150-220 Wh/kg
Ke ola pōʻaiapuni:1,000-2,000 pōʻai
Ke Kumu kūʻai:$120-180/kWh
Hāʻawi nā pākahi NMC i ke koena maikaʻi loa o ka ikaika o ka ikehu, palekana, a me ke kumukūʻai. ʻO kaNMC 811ʻokoʻa (8 ʻāpana nickel, 1 ʻāpana manganese, 1 ʻāpana kobalt) hāʻawi i ka nui o ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe akā ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ke ola.
Mea maikaʻi loa no:Nā kaʻa uwila, e-paikika, nā mea hana mana, ka waiho ʻana o ka mānoanoa
No ke aha e koho ai i ka NMC:
Kiʻekiʻe ikehu kiʻekiʻeno nā noi paʻa
ʻO ke kūpaʻa wela maikaʻi me ka hoʻokele kūpono
Kemika maʻalahiHiki ke hoʻokani ʻia ka - no ka ikehu a i ʻole ka mana
Nā lima limahoʻouka i nā au a hiki i 2C
Nā pōʻino:
Loaʻa i loko o ka cobalt (nā manaʻo kūpono a me nā kumu kūʻai)
Pono nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele pākaukau maʻalahi
Hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka hana ma nā wela kiʻekiʻe
3. Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) - Ke Koho Ho'opa'a Manawa
Voltage:3.6V nominal
ʻO ka nui o ka ikehu:150-200 Wh/kg
Ke ola pōʻaiapuni:500-1,000 pōʻaiapuni
Ke Kumu kūʻai:$150-200/kWh
Hoʻopili nā ʻeke LCO i ka ikehu i loko o kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa iā lākou no nā mea uila uila kahi i ʻoi aku ka nui a me ke kaumaha.
Mea maikaʻi loa no:ʻO nā kelepona, nā kamepiula, nā papa, nā kamera, nā drones
No ke aha e koho ai i ka LCO:
Kiʻekiʻe ikehu mānoanoama waena o nā kemika maʻamau
Paʻa a māmā
ʻenehana i hōʻoia ʻia me nā kaulahao hoʻolako paʻa
Nā pōʻino:
Holo ka wela ma ka 150 degere(greencubes.com)
Pōkole pōʻaiapuni ola
ʻAʻole hiki ke mālama i nā au hoʻokuʻu kiʻekiʻe
Maikaʻi ma muli o ka ʻike kobalt
4. Lithium Titanate (LTO) - ʻO ka mea loea Ultra-Fast Charging Specialist
Voltage:2.4V nominal
ʻO ka nui o ka ikehu:50-110 Wh/kg
Ke ola pōʻaiapuni:3,000-30,000 pōʻaiapuni
Ke Kumu kūʻai:$200-400/kWh
Hāʻawi nā pākahi LTO i ka ikehu noka lōʻihi loa a me ka hoʻokau ʻana -wikiwiki loa. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopaʻa i ka 80% mana i loko o 6 mau minuke.
Mea maikaʻi loa no:-wikiwiki hoʻouku, hoʻopaʻa pahu, nā kaʻa kaʻa uila, nā noi koa
No ke aha e koho ai iā LTO:
Uku -hoʻopio wikiwiki(10C+ uku)
Ke ola pōʻaiapuni loa- a hiki i 30,000 pōʻaiapuni
Hana i nā mahana mai -30 degere a 55 degere
ʻAʻohe pilikia o ka mahuka wela
Nā pōʻino:
Haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ikehuo na mea kemika lithium a pau
ʻO ka pipiʻi loakoho
Pono nā pūnaewele hou aku no ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu like
5. Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO) - Ka Mea Mana Mana punahele
Voltage:3.7V nominal
ʻO ka nui o ka ikehu:100-150 Wh/kg
Ke ola pōʻaiapuni:300-1,000 pōʻai
Ke Kumu kūʻai:$100-140/kWh
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā pākahi LMO i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā puʻu mana kiʻekiʻe, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i mea kūpono no nā noi e pono ai ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka ikehu wikiwiki.
Mea maikaʻi loa no:Nā mea hana mana, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā kaʻa hybrid (hoʻohui pinepine ʻia me NMC)
No ke aha e koho ai iā LMO:
Mana mana kiʻekiʻeno nā noi koi
ʻOi aku ka palekana ma mua o ka LCO
ʻO ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā ʻaniani kobalt-
Paʻa wela maikaʻi
Nā pōʻino:
Ke ola pōʻaiapuni haʻahaʻa
ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ikehu ma mua o NMC a i ʻole LCO
Pono pinepine e hui pū me nā mea ʻē aʻe
6. Nickel Cobalt Aluminum (NCA) - Ke Koho Hana Ki'eki'e-
Voltage:3.6V nominal
ʻO ka nui o ka ikehu:200-260 Wh/kg
Ke ola pōʻaiapuni:1,000-1,500 pōʻai
Ke Kumu kūʻai:$160-220/kWh
Hāʻawi nā pila NCA i kaikehu kiʻekiʻe loaʻoiai e mālama ana i ka hāʻawi mana maikaʻi. Hoʻohana ʻo Tesla i ka chemistry NCA i ka nui o kā lākou kaʻa.
Mea maikaʻi loa no:Nā kaʻa uwila hana kiʻekiʻe-, nā polokalamu aerospace, nā uila uila
No ke aha e koho ai i ka NCA:
Kiʻekiʻe ikehu mānoanoaloaʻa
ʻO nā mana hāʻawi mana maikaʻi
Kaʻa kaʻa lōʻihi no nā EV
Hōʻoia i nā noi koi
Nā pōʻino:
ʻO ka pipiʻi loama muli o ka cobalt a me ka alumini
Pono ka hoʻokele pākaukau maʻalahi
Pilikino i nā wela kiʻekiʻe
Nā mea hoʻolako palena
5-Hoʻohālikelike Manaʻo: Lithium Ion Types Head-to-Head
| ʻAno Pākaukau | ʻAiʻi ikaika | Ka helu palekana | Ola Kaapuni | Kūʻai Kūʻai | Hoʻohana maikaʻi loa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LFP | Kauwaena (90-205 Wh/kg) | Maikaʻi | Maikaʻi (1,000-9,000) | Haʻahaʻa | E mālama i ka ikehu, nā kaʻa kaʻa |
| NMC | Kiʻekiʻe (150-220 Wh/kg) | Maikaʻi loa | Maikaʻi (1,000-2,000) | Kauwaena | Nā kaʻa uila |
| LCO | Kiʻekiʻe (150-200 Wh/kg) | ʻilihune | ʻilihune (500-1,000) | Kiʻekiʻe | Mea uila uila |
| LTO | Haʻahaʻa (50-110 Wh/kg) | Maikaʻi | Maikaʻi (3,000-30,000) | Kiekie loa | Hoʻouka wikiwiki |
| LMO | Mawaena (100-150 Wh/kg) | Maikaʻi loa | Pono (300-1,000) | Haʻahaʻa | Mea hana mana |
| NCA | Kiʻekiʻe Loa (200-260 Wh/kg) | Pono | Maikaʻi (1,000-1,500) | Kiekie loa | Nā EV -kiʻekiʻe |
Ka Nānā Kūʻai: He Helu Maoli no nā ʻano ʻano pākaukau Lithium Ion like ʻole
Ka hoomaopopo ana i kahuina kālā o ka kuleanakōkua iā ʻoe e hana i nā hoʻoholo akamai. Eia pehea e helu ai i ke kumu kūʻai maoli:
ʻO ka helu helu ʻana i ke kumu kūʻai o ka pākaukau
Ka huina kālā=(Ke kumu kūʻai mua + nā kumukūʻai hoʻololi + nā koina hana) ÷ ka huina ikehu i lawe ʻia
Ka Laʻana Hoʻohālikelike (LFP vs NMC):
Pākuʻi LFP
Kumukuai mua: $150/kWh × 100 kWh=$15,000
Ke Ola Kaʻapuni: 6,000 pōʻaiapuni
Huina Nui: 100 kWh × 6,000 pōʻaiapuni=600,000 kWh
Koina no kWh i laweia: $15,000 ÷ 600,000=**$0.025/kWh**
NMC Battery
Kumukuai mua: $150/kWh × 100 kWh=$15,000
Ke Ola Kaʻapuni: 1,500 pōʻaiapuni
Huina Nui: 100 kWh × 1,500 pōʻaiapuni=150,000 kWh
Ke kumu kūʻai no kWh i lawe ʻia: $15,000 ÷ 150,000=**$0.10/kWh**
Ka hopena:Hāʻawi ka LFP i ka ikehu ma4x ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻai kona ola ʻana me nā kumu kūʻai like ʻole.
ʻOiaʻiʻo-Wāhiʻi Kūʻai Kūʻai Honua ma o ka noi
1. Hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ikehu o ka lā (10 kWh pūnaewele)
LFP: $1,500 mua, $0.025/kWh hāʻawi ʻia
NMC: $1,500 mua, $0.10/kWh hāʻawi ʻia
Lanakila:Mālama ʻo LFP i $750+ i ke ola o ka ʻōnaehana
2. Kaʻa Uila (Puke 75 kWh)
NMC: $11,250 mua, 300 mile ka mamao
LFP: $11,250 mua, 250-mile
Lanakila:Ma muli o nā koi o ka laulā vs ke kumu kūʻai
3. Mea Hoʻohana Electronics (50 Wh phone battery)
LCO: $7.50 mua, 2-3 makahiki ola
LFP: $5.00 mua, 5-7 makahiki ola
Lanakila:LFP no ka lōʻihi, LCO no ka nui
Palekana Mua: ʻO wai nā ʻano pākaukau Lithium Ion i palekana maoli?
ʻAʻole pili ka palekana i ka pale ʻana i ke ahi - ʻo ia hoʻihana hilinaʻi ma lalo o ke kaumaha. Eia ka pae palekana mai ka mea palekana a hiki i ka mea pilikia.
Papa Palekana 1: Ultra{1}}Pale
LTO a me LFP- ʻO kēia mau kemikaʻaneʻane hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe i ka wela. ʻOiai ke ʻoki ʻia, hoʻonui ʻia, a wela paha, ʻaʻole lākou e puhi i ke ahi.
Palekana 2: Palekana maʻamau
NMC a me LMO- Palekana me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele pākaukau kūpono. Pono ka nānā ʻana i ka wela a me nā mana hoʻoiho.
Palekana 3: Pono e akahele
NCA a me LCO- ʻOi aku ka pilikia o ka mahuka wela. Pono nā ʻōnaehana palekana maʻalahi a me ka mālama pono.
ʻO nā kumu palekana nui e noʻonoʻo ai
1. Ka Mahana Holoi Wela
LFP: 270 degere (greencubes.com)
LTO: ʻAʻohe holo wela
NMC: 210 degere
LCO: 150 degere (greencubes.com)
2. Ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana i ka uku nui
LFP: Hiki iā - maikaʻi ke mālama i ka uku nui me ka ʻole o ka pōʻino
LTO: Maikaʻi - hoʻomanawanui loa
NMC: Maikaʻi - me BMS kūpono
LCO: ʻAʻohe - paʻakikī loa i ka uku nui
Nā Hana Hana Hana: Ma kahi o kēlā me kēia Lithium Ion Battery Type Excels
Nā Kaʻa Uila: ʻO ke kaua NMC vs LFP
ʻO NMC ka luna o nā EV premiumno ka nui o ka ikehu. Hoʻohana ʻo Tesla Model S i ka NCA no 400+ mile. AkāKe ulu nei ka LFPi nā EV kālā a me nā kaʻa kālepa.
Māhele Mākeke i nā EV (2024)
NMC: 60% o ka mākeke pākahiko EV honua (marketsandmarkets.com)
LFP: 35% a ulu wikiwiki
Kemika ʻē aʻe: 5%
No ke aha e hoʻololi ai i LFP?
Hoemi koina:Ua emi iho nā kumukūʻai LFP ma lalo o $100/kWh ma Kina
Nā pilikia palekana:Ua pili i kekahi mau ki'eki'e -ahi EV i nā pila NMC
Ka lōʻihi:Makemake nā mea hoʻokele moku i ka lōʻihi o ke ola o LFP
E mālama i ka ikehu: LFP's Domain
Puke ikehu -nuihoʻohana nui ʻia nā pākaukau LFP. ʻO ka palekana a me ka lōʻihi o ke kemika e kūpono ia no nā noi pono.
hale mālama lāmakemake pū kekahi iā LFP:
Tesla Powerwall 3:Hoʻohana i ke kemika LFP
Nā Bateri IQ Enphase:LFP-ma muli
Generac PWRcell:ʻenehana LFP
Mea Hoʻohana Electronics: LCO Still Rules
ʻOiai nā pilikia palekana,Noho mau ka LCOi nā smartphones a me nā laptops no ka mea:
Ke koi nei nā palena nui i ka nui o ka ikehu
Hoʻololi ʻia nā mea hana i kēlā me kēia 2-3 mau makahiki
Mālama ʻia-nā ʻōnaehana palekana i nā pilikia
Māhele makeke i nā mea uila uila
LCO: 70% o nā pihi kelepona
NMC: 25% (e ulu ana i nā polokalamu premium)
'ē aʻe: 5%
Ke koho ʻana i ke ʻano pākaukau Lithium Ion kūpono: Ka Hoʻoholo Hoʻoholo
KaʻAnuʻu Hana 1: E wehewehe i kāu mau mea nui
| Ka mea nui | Manaʻo Kemika | ʻOi aku no ka | Kālepa- |
|---|---|---|---|
| ʻAiʻi ikaika | NCA a i ʻole LCO | Nā mea paʻa paʻa, -laʻihi EV | ʻO ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe, nā pilikia palekana |
| Palekana | LFP a i ʻole LTO | E mālama i ka ikehu, nā kaʻa kalepa | ʻOi aku ka nui o ka ikehu haʻahaʻa |
| Koina | LFP a i ʻole LMO | Nā palapala hoʻolālā kālā, -nui ka hoʻolālā ʻana | Pono paha nā ʻōnaehana pākahi nui |
| Ka lōʻihi | LTO a i ʻole LFP | Infrastructure, noi kalepa | ʻOi aku ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka ikehu |
KaʻAnuʻu Hana 2: E noʻonoʻo i kāu noi
Mea uila uila:LCO (mea nui ka nui)
Nā Kaʻa Uila:NMC (kaulike o ka laulā a me ke kumu kūʻai)
E mālama i ka ikehu:LFP (palekana a lōʻihi)
Nā mea hana mana:LMO (hoʻouna mana kiʻekiʻe)
Hoʻouka wikiwiki:LTO (ultra-hoʻopio wikiwiki)
Aerospace/Miliili:NCA (ka hana kiʻekiʻe loa)
KaʻAnuʻu Hana 3: E helu i ka huina kālā o ka ʻona
E hoʻohana i ke kumu hoʻohālike i hāʻawi mua ʻia e hoʻohālikelike i nā kumukūʻai maoli i ke ola o ka pākaukau, ʻaʻole wale nā kumukūʻai mua.
KaʻAnuʻu Hana 4: E loiloi i nā koi palekana
E noʻonoʻo i kāu hoʻomanawanui a me nā koi palekana. Pono nā noi koʻikoʻi e hoʻokumu i ka LFP a i ʻole LTO ʻoiai ke kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka ikehu.
Nīnau pinepine
He aha ke ʻano pākaukau lithium ion maʻamau?
ʻO nā pākahi NMCʻO kēia ka mea maʻamau ka lithium ion ʻano pākaukau, e paʻa ana40% o ka māhele mākeke honua(marketsandmarkets.com). Hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou i nā kaʻa uila, nā mea hana mana, a me nā ʻōnaehana mālama ikehu ma muli o kā lākou ʻano hana kaulike.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o nā ʻano pākahi lithium ion like ʻole?
He ʻokoʻa ka lōʻihi o ka pākaukau ma ke kemika:
LTO:10-30 makahiki (3,000-30,000 pōʻaiapuni)
LFP:5-15 makahiki (1,000-9,000 pōʻaiapuni)
NMC:3-8 makahiki (1,000-2,000 pōʻaiapuni)
LCO:2-5 makahiki (500-1,000 pōʻaiapuni)
ʻO ke ola maoli e pili ana i nā ʻano hoʻohana, ka mahana, a me nā hana hoʻouka.
He aha ke ʻano pākaukau lithium ion palekana loa?
LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate)manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ke ʻano pākaukau lithium ion palekana loa. HeʻO ka mahana holo ka wela o 270 degerei hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka LCO 150 degere (greencubes.com), a ʻaʻole e puhi ʻia ke ahi inā ʻaʻa ʻia a poino paha. Ua palekana like nā pākaukau LTO akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumukūʻai.
ʻEhia ke kumukūʻai o nā ʻano pākaukau lithium ion?
Nā kumukūʻai makeke o kēia manawa (no kWh):
LMO/LFP:$100-150/kWh
NMC:$120-180/kWh
LCO:$150-200/kWh
NCA:$160-220/kWh
LTO:$200-400/kWh
Ua emi loa nā kumu kūʻai he - mea hoʻohana-kuai ma lalo o $150/kWh i ka makahiki 2023, mai $1,400/kWh i ka makahiki 2010 (gminsights.com).
ʻO wai ke ʻano pākaukau lithium ion e hoʻopaʻa wikiwiki loa?
LTO (Lithium Titanate)ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o nā pākaukau, hiki10C+ uku hoʻolimalimaa hiki i ka 80% mana i loko o 6 mau minuke. Eia naʻe, loaʻa iā lākou ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka ikehu. Ma waena o nā koho ki'eki'e-ikena-,ʻO nā pākahi NMChā'awi i ka 'oi loa ka hiki 'ana i ka ho'opi 'ana a hiki i ka 2C.
He aha ke ʻano pākaukau lithium ion maikaʻi loa no ka mālama ʻana i ka lā?
Nā ʻōhua LFPʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu lā ma muli o ko lākou:
Kiʻi palekana maikaʻi(ʻaʻohe pilikia ahi)
Ke ola pōʻaiapuni lōʻihi(6,000+ mau pōʻaiapuni maʻamau)
Ke kumukuai haahaama luna o ke ola o ka ʻōnaehana
Kūleʻa wela ākea
ʻAʻohe cobalt(pōmaikaʻi kūpono a me nā kaulahao lako)
Hoʻohana nā mea hana pākaukau nui o ka lā e like me Tesla, Enphase, a me Generac i ka kemika LFP i kā lākou huahana mālama hale.
Pehea wau e ʻike ai i ke ʻano pākaukau lithium ion i loaʻa iaʻu?
E nānā i ka lepili pākahiko a i ʻole nā kikoʻī no nā hōʻailona kemika:
LiFePO4a i ʻoleLFP= Lithium Iron Phosphate
Li{0}}NMCa i ʻoleNCM= Nikela Manganese Cobalt
Li{0}}Coa i ʻoleLCO= Lithium Cobalt Oxide
Li4Ti5O12a i ʻoleLTO= Lithium Titanate
Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike ma o ka volta: ʻo 3.2V nominal nā pākahi LFP, a ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea ʻē aʻe he 3.6-3.7V nominal.
Hiki ke hana hou ʻia nā ʻano pākaukau lithium ion?
ʻAe, pau loaʻano pākaukau lithium ionhiki ke hana hou ʻia, akā ʻokoʻa nā kaʻina hana:
Nā ʻōhua LFPʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hana hou ʻana (ʻaʻohe cobalt toxic)
NMC a me LCOkoi i nā kaʻina hana kūikawā no ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka cobalt
ʻO nā pākahi LTOloaʻa ka titanium waiwai e pono ke hoʻihoʻi
He haʻahaʻa ka nui o ka hana hou ʻana i kēia manawa (5-10%) akā e hoʻomaikaʻi wikiwiki ana i ka paʻa ʻana o nā lula a me ka holomua ʻana o ka ʻenehana.
