He aha ka Lithium Titanate?

ʻO ka Lithium titanate kahi hui ʻokikene hui pū ʻia me ka lithium, titanium, a me ka oxygen, ʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ me kahi ʻano aniani spinel. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia mea seramika ma ke ʻano he mea anode i loko o nā pākahi lithium{1}}ion kūikawā, e hāʻawi ana i ka palekana a me ke ola pōʻaiapuni ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ikehu i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā anodes graphite maʻamau.

Loaʻa ka Lithium titanate i nā ʻano kemika, akā ʻo ka ʻano spinel Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ ka mea i hoʻomalu i nā noi pākaukau. Hōʻike ka pūʻulu i kahi lattice cubic dimensional ʻekolu{1}}kahi e noho ai nā ion lithium i nā kahua tetrahedral 8a, aʻo nā ion titanium e hoʻopiha i nā paena octahedral 16d i loko o kahi hoʻolālā oxygen. Hoʻokumu kēia hoʻonohonoho i ka mea i kapa ʻia e ka poʻe noiʻi he ʻano "zero-strain"-ʻo ka lattice e ʻike i ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 1% hoʻololi leo i ka wā o ka hoʻoiho a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana.

ʻO ka hana spinel e hiki ai i nā ion lithium ke neʻe i loko o ke aniani ma ka lele ʻana ma waena o nā kahua tetrahedral a me octahedral. I ka wā o ka lithiation, hoʻololi ka mea mai Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ i Li₇Ti₅O₁₂, e hoʻokomo i ʻekolu mau ion lithium hou no kēlā me kēia ʻāpana formula. Hana ʻia kēia hoʻokomo ma kahi o 1.55V me ka metala lithium, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka 0.1V maʻamau o nā anodes graphite.

ʻO nā ʻano lithium titanate ʻē aʻe he lithium metatitanate (Li₂TiO₃), he pauka keʻokeʻo me kahi helu heheʻe ma mua o 1,533 degere i hoʻohana ʻia i nā seramika a me nā noi nuklea, a me ka ramsdellite lithium titanate (Li₂Ti₃O₇), i hōʻike i ka ʻōlelo hoʻohiki i ka noiʻi pākaukau kūikawā. Hāʻawi kēlā me kēia ʻano like ʻole i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka titanium-a-lithium a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā aniani, e loaʻa ana nā waiwai kino a me ka electrochemical.

Lithium Titanate

Ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka anode pākaukau, ʻokoʻa ka hana o ka lithium titanate ma mua o ka graphite maʻamau. ʻAʻole hoʻokumu ka mea i kahi papa electrolyte interface paʻa (SEI) i ka wā o nā pōʻai mua no ka mea e noho ana kāna uila hana o 1.55V i loko o ka puka aniani paʻa electrochemical o ka hapa nui o nā electrolytes. Hoʻohana ʻia nā anodes graphite maʻamau ma kahi kokoke i ka 0V me ka lithium, e hana ana i ka decomposition electrolyte e hana i kahi papa SEI pale akā pale.

I ka wā o ka hoʻouka ʻana, neʻe nā ion lithium mai ka cathode ma o ka electrolyte a komo i loko o ke ʻano anode lithium titanate. Hāʻawi ke ʻano nanocrystalline o Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ ma kahi o 100 square meters o ka ʻilikai no ka gram-ʻoi aku ma mua o 30 manawa o ka graphite. ʻO kēia ʻāpana ʻili i hoʻonui ʻia e hiki ai i nā electrons ke komo a puka i waho wikiwiki, e kākoʻo ana i nā uku hoʻopiʻi wikiwiki.

ʻO ka hopena hiki ke hoʻohuli: Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ + 3Li⁺ + 3e⁻ ↔ Li₇Ti₅O₁₂. Hiki i ka mana theoretical hiki i 175 mAh / g, ʻoiai nā hoʻokō pono e loaʻa iā 150-170 mAh / g. ʻOiai e hāʻawi ana ka graphite i ka mana theoretical kiʻekiʻe ma 372 mAh / g, uku ʻia ka lithium titanate ma o ka hiki ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka lōʻihi.

ʻO ka mana redox kiʻekiʻe o ka titanium oxide i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka graphite e hana i kahi pono palekana. Lithium dendrites-needle-e like me nā hale metala e hiki ke hou i nā mea ho'oka'awale pākaukau a hiki 'ole ke hana 'ia nā kaapuni pōkole-ma nā ili lithium titanate. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia palena palekana no nā noi kiʻekiʻe -o kēia manawa kahi e pilikia ai nā anodes maʻamau i ka holo wela.

Hōʻike nā ʻakika Lithium titanate i ke ola pōʻaiapuni e ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kemika lithium{0}}ion ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa maʻa mau nā kelepona ʻoihana i ka 10,000 a 30,000 mau kaʻina hoʻokuʻu piha -ma mua o ka emi ʻana o ka mana i 80% o ke kumu. ʻO nā kikoʻī kikoʻī o Toshiba 2024 he 45,000 pōʻaiapuni ma ka helu 10C no kā lākou -mana kiʻekiʻe SCiB cell. Ma ka hoohalike ana, he 2,000-3,000 mau kaapuni ka lōʻihi o nā pākahi lithium{15}}ion e hoʻohana ana i nā mea maʻamau.

Loaʻa kēia ola lōʻihi ma muli o ka -ʻano ʻano ʻano. Hoʻonui ʻia ka graphite anodes ma kahi o 10% i ka wā lithiation, e hoʻoulu ai i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻāpana a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hiki i nā pōʻai hou. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o Lithium titanate e mālama i ka pono o ke kūkulu ʻana ma hope o nā ʻumi tausani o nā pōʻai.

Hōʻike ka hoʻouka wikiwiki ʻana i kahi ʻano wehewehe ʻē aʻe. Hiki ke ho'opa'a 'ia nā pila Lithium titanate mai ka 0% a hiki i ka 80% kaha i loko o 6-10 minuke me ka 'ole o ka ho'oha'aha'a. Ua hōʻike ka ʻauwaʻa kaʻa kaʻa uila ʻo Chongqing i ka makahiki 2011 i kēia mākaukau ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa-37 mau kaʻa kaʻa he ʻumikūmālua mika i hoʻolako ʻia me nā ʻōnaehana lithium titanate 80 kWh i hoʻopiha piha ʻia i loko o 10 mau minuke me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā loina 400 kW. ʻO nā pūnaewele mana kiʻekiʻe hou loa o Toshiba e hoʻopaʻa i ka 80% i ka minuke 1 wale nō ma 48C.

Hoʻokaʻawale ka hana wela i ka lithium titanate mai nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ke holo pono nei kēia mau pākaukau mai -40 degere a 60 degere me ka ʻole o ka nalowale o ka mana maʻamau o nā kemika ʻē aʻe i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi. Mālama ka ʻōnaehana spinel paʻa i ka conductivity ionic ma waena o kēia ʻano, e hana ana i ka ʻenehana kūpono no nā hoʻonohonoho Arctic, nā noi kaʻa wela wela, a me nā lako aerospace kahi e hoʻohui ai ka mana wela i ke kaumaha a me ka paʻakikī.

ʻOi aku ka hana palekana ma lalo o nā kūlana hoʻomāinoino ma mua o nā ʻano lithium-ion ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā pūnaewele Lithium titanate e hele i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ke komo ʻana o nā kui, ka ʻūhā, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana me ke ahi ʻole a pahū. Noho ka paepae holo wela o ka mea ma kahi o 270 degere, ʻoi aku ma luna o nā mahana hana a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hapa nui o nā kemika ʻē aʻe. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia ʻikepili palekana no nā mea hoʻonoho nui-e like me nā keʻena hoʻopaʻa mānoanoa kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka pahu hoʻokahi.

ʻO ka drawback koʻikoʻi ʻo ia ka ikehu. Hāʻawi nā ʻakika Lithium titanate i 30-110 Wh/kg ma ke kalakala a hiki i ka 177 Wh/L ma ke ʻano volumetric. ʻO nā ʻakika lithium-iona maʻamau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā anodes graphite a me ka nickel-manganese-cobalt cathodes i hiki i ka 200-300 Wh/kg. ʻO kēia hemahema ʻekolu-a-ʻumi, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pā lithium titanate i kahi ākea a ʻoi aku ke kaumaha no ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu like.

ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka ikehu e hele pololei i ka volta hana. Hoʻopuka nā pūnaewele lithium titanate i 2.3-2.4V nominal voltage i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 3.6-3.7V no ka lithium maʻamau-ion. ʻO kēia poho uila-e hōʻike ana ma kahi o 1V-unuhi pololei i ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka ikehu hoʻopaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana. ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻae ʻia nā noi i mea koʻikoʻi ke kaumaha a me ka leo, e like me nā mea uila uila a me nā kaʻa uila lōʻihi.

Hāʻawi ke kumukūʻai i kahi pale ʻē aʻe i ka hoʻohana ākea ʻana. Ma kahi o $1.50 no kēlā me kēia hola -watt, ʻoiai ke kumu kūʻai ʻana o nā kelepona hao lithium iron phosphate ma kahi o $0.40 no ka hola -watt. Ma muli o nā kumu he nui ke kumu kūʻai: nā koi synthesis paʻakikī, ka hoʻomalu pono ʻana i ka haʻahaʻa i ka wā o ka hana ʻana, nā kumu mua ma muli o ka titanium -makahiki, a me ka nui o ka hana ʻana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kemika nui.

Pono ke kaʻina hana i ka mālama pono. Pono ka Sintering Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ i ka mahana o 600-850 degere ma muli o ke ʻano hana synthesis, me ka lōʻihi o ka manawa hana ma mua o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka electrode graphite. Hiki ke hana ʻia nā ʻāpana o anatase a i ʻole rutile TiO₂ inā ʻaʻole lawa ka mālama ʻana i ka wela, a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hana electrochemical. Ke koi nei ka lithium titanate nanostructured kiʻekiʻe i nā lako hana akamai a me ka ʻike.

Hōʻike nā kaʻa kaʻa uila i ka hoʻolaha ʻoihana nui loa o ka ʻenehana lithium titanate. ʻO ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa wikiwiki o ke kemika e hiki ai ke hoʻopaʻa i ka manawa ma nā wahi kaʻa kaʻa, e ʻae ana i nā pūʻolo pākahi liʻiliʻi e hoʻopau i ka hoʻopaʻi kaumaha. Hāʻawi ʻo Microvast i nā pākahi lithium titanate i nā mea hana kaʻa kaʻa uila ʻEulopa e like me Wrightbus's New Routemaster double -deckers ma Lākana, kahi e hana ai nā ʻāpana 1,000 me nā ʻōnaehana pākahi 18 kWh.

Ke hoʻonui nei nā ʻōnaehana mālama ikehu grid i ka lithium titanate no ka hoʻoponopono alapine a me nā lawelawe ancillary. Ua kūkulu ʻo Altairnano i kahi mea kanu mālama ikehu 20 MW/5 MWh me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana lithium titanate. Hoʻokumu kēia mau mea hoʻonoho i ka manawa pane a me ke ola pōʻaiapuni ma mua o nā ʻano ʻano nui o ka ikehu -ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lithium titanate. Hiki i nā pila ke pane i loko o nā milliseconds i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka grid a hoʻomanawanui i 30-40 mau makahiki o ka holo kaʻa i kēlā me kēia lā.

Hoʻohana nā noi kaʻaahi i ka pale ʻana a me ka palekana o ka lithium titanate. Ua komo nā kaʻaahi uila ʻo Siemens Mireo Plus B-i ʻApelila 2024 i hoʻoikaika ʻia e Toshiba lithium titanate cell me 15-makahiki i manaʻo ʻia ke ola lawelawe. Hoʻohana nā locomotives ʻekolu-mode British Rail Class 93 i nā pākahi lithium titanate e holo ma nā ʻāpana laina ʻole. Hoʻohana ʻo N700S Shinkansen o Iapana i ka ʻenehana no ka hana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka wā o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka mana.

Hoʻohana nā mea uila uila i ka lithium titanate i nā hihia kūikawā e koi ana i ka hoʻouka wikiwiki a i ʻole ka hilinaʻi nui. Hoʻohana ka moʻo ʻo Samsung Galaxy Note i nā pākahi lithium titanate i loko o ka S-Pen stylus, e hiki ai i ka 10-hola kū mai ka 40-kekona. Ua hoʻololi nā wati Seiko Kinetic i nā capacitors me nā pākaukau lithium titanate e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hiki ke mālama i ka ikehu a me ke ola lawelawe.

ʻO nā lako hana ʻenehana mai nā kaʻa alakaʻi ʻokoʻa a hiki i nā lāʻau lapaʻau kelepona e koho i ka lithium titanate i ka wā e hōʻoia ai ka palekana a me ke ola pōʻai i nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohana ka Tempest weather station i ka pākaukau lithium titanate 1,300 mAh i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma o nā panela solar, e koi ana i 4 mau hola o ka lā i kēlā me kēia pule ʻelua. Manaʻo nā noi koa a me ka aerospace i ka hana ʻana o ke kemika i nā wela wela a me ke kū ʻana i nā pōʻino ahi.

No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kahi e kūpono ai ka lithium titanate, kōkua ia e ʻikehe aha nā pā lithiumma ka laulā-he mau mea hoʻopaʻa ikehu hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia e hoʻoneʻe i nā iona lithium ma waena o nā electrodes e mālama a hoʻokuʻu i ka ikehu uila. I loko o kēia ʻohana pākaukau lithium-ion, noho ka lithium titanate i kahi niche kū hoʻokahi i wehewehe ʻia e kāna mea anode. Hoʻohana ka hapa nui o nā ʻeke lithium i nā anodes graphite i hui pū ʻia me nā cathodes -lithium iron phosphate (LFP), nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC), a i ʻole lithium cobalt oxide (LCO). Hoʻokaʻawale nā pāʻani Lithium titanate iā lākou iho ma ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ ma ke anode, maʻamau i hui pū ʻia me ka lithium manganese oxide a i ʻole ka lithium iron phosphate cathodes.

Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻaniani LFP, hāʻawi ka lithium titanate i 5-10 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke ola pōʻaiapuni a me ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke anuanu -hana, akā hāʻawi wale i hoʻokahi-kolu a i ka hapalua o ka nui o ka ikehu. ʻO ke kumukūʻai LFP ma kahi o $0.40/Wh me $1.50/Wh no ka lithium titanate. Hoʻoikaika nā kemika ʻelua i ka palekana ma luna o ka nui o ka ikehu, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i mau mea ʻē aʻe no nā noi kahi e loaʻa ai nā hopena koʻikoʻi i ke ahi.

ʻO nā ʻokoʻa NMC a me NCA e hoʻomalu i nā noi kaʻa uila e koi ana i ka laulā kiʻekiʻe. Hāʻawi kēia mau mea kemika i 200-250 Wh/kg-pālua a triple lithium titanate ka ikehu ikehu-hiki i 300-500 mile. Akā naʻe, he 1,000-2,000 manawa wale nō ka holo ʻana a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pilikia e holo ana i ka wela. Hiki i nā kaʻa uila ke hoʻopaʻa mua i ka uku no ka mile a me ka uku wikiwiki, e like me nā ʻauwaʻa lawe kaona a me nā kaʻa kaʻa kūlanakauhale, hiki ke ʻae i ka hoʻopaʻi o ka lithium titanate no nā pono hana.

E kūʻē i nā ʻenehana e kū nei e like me nā ʻeke -state paʻa a me nā pūnaewele sodium-ion, ʻo ka lithium titanate ke hōʻike nei i ka ʻenehana i hōʻoia ʻia i ka ʻoihana. Hoʻohiki ʻia nā ʻaʻa paʻa -ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka ikehu a me ka palekana akā e noho mau ana ma mua o ka-kūkulu ʻoihana me nā pilikia hana. Hāʻawi nā ʻakika sodium -ion i nā kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa akā like ka nui o ka ikehu me ka lithium titanate me ka pōkole o ke ola. Nā wānana mākeke no 2025-2033 papahana lithium titanate e mālama ana i nā ʻāpana mākeke kūikawā aʻo nā ʻenehana hou e hoʻopuka i nā noi mākeke lehulehu.

Lithium Titanate

Ua hōʻea ka mākeke pākaukau lithium titanate honua i $75.61-80.65 biliona i ka makahiki 2024 e like me nā ʻoihana noiʻi mākeke he nui, me nā kuhi mai $237-308 biliona e 2033-2034. Hōʻike kēia i ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o ka makahiki o 10-14.4%, i alakaʻi ʻia e ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka kaʻa uila, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mālama ʻana, a me ke koi ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana wikiwiki.

ʻĀkia-Pakipika i ka hana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana, e helu ana ma kahi o 60% o ka honua holoʻokoʻa lithium titanate koi pākaukau ma 2024. ʻO ka 14th Five-}Kina Hoʻolālā Makahiki ke kuhi nei he 50% ka ulu ʻana o ka ikehu hou mai 2020-2025, e hoʻoikaika ana i ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i ka pahu pahu kahi e loaʻa ai i ka papahana lithiumev titanate0 ka pono. mau ola. ʻO Iapana, ka home o ka ʻenehana SCiB o Toshiba, mālama i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lithium titanate ikaika i ka lawe kaʻaahi a me nā noi ʻoihana.

Aia ʻo ʻAmelika ʻĀkau ma kahi o 36% ka māhele mākeke, me nā mea hana i hoʻokumu ʻia e like me Altairnano a me nā mea pāʻani e kū nei e like me Grinergy e hoʻonui ana i ka mana hana. ʻO ka US Department of Energy he $258 miliona ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i nā ʻenehana pākaukau kiʻekiʻe me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka lithium titanate no nā noi kūikawā kahi i lawa ʻole ai ka lithium-ion maʻamau.

ʻO nā mea hana nui ʻo Toshiba (SCiB brand), Altairnano (Nanosafe), Microvast (LpTO), Leclanché (TiBox), a me nā mea hana Kina me Yinlong Battery Technology i loaʻa e Gree Electric. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hiki ke nānā aku i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā kumukūʻai ma o ka loiloi kaʻina hana a me ka ʻoihana waiwai ma mua o nā loli kemika kumu.

Hoʻoikaika nā kuhikuhi noiʻi i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā palena nui o ka lithium titanate. Ke noiʻi nei nā hui ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i ka doping me ka niobium, magnesium, a i ʻole nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻonui ai i ka conductivity a me ka hiki. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻili me ka uhi kalapona a me ka nanostructuring e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana wikiwiki. Huli nā hoʻolālā overlithiation i ke kaʻa kaʻa ma mua o Li₇Ti₅O₁₂ no ka hopu ʻana i ka mana hou, ʻoiai e hoʻololi kēia i ka pōmaikaʻi zero{3}}strain.

Ma muli o ka hana ʻana o ka Lithium titanate ma muli o nā ala hoʻoheheʻe -state a i ʻole ka wai{1}}state synthesis, kēlā me kēia me nā pono ʻokoʻa. 'O ke ala ku'una ma'amau -mahana pa'a pa'a-hui ka lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃) a me ka titanium dioxide (TiO₂) i loko o nā lakio stoichiometric, a laila e ho'oka'ulua i ka hui 'ana ma 700-850 degere no 10-24 mau hola. He mea maʻalahi kēia ala a hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia akā hoʻopuka i nā ʻāpana nui (500nm-5μm) me kahi ʻāpana haʻahaʻa.

Hāʻawi nā ʻano Sol{0}}gel i ka mana maikaʻi ma luna o ka nui o nā ʻāpana a me ka morphology. Hoʻopau nā mea noiʻi i nā alkoxide titanium e like me ka tetrabutyl titanate me ka lithium hydroxide i loko o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik, a laila gel a me ka calcine ma 600-800 degere. ʻO ka hopena lithium titanate e hōʻike ana i ka nui o nā ʻāpana ma lalo o 200nm a me nā wahi kiʻekiʻe e kokoke ana i ka 100 m²/g e hiki ai ke hoʻouka wikiwiki. Eia nō naʻe, pono nā kaʻina hana sol-gel i ka mālama pono ʻana i ka haʻahaʻa a ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi ma mua o ka synthesis solid-state.

Hoʻokumu ka hydrothermal synthesis i ka lithium titanate ma kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (120-200 degere) ma ka hana ʻana i nā precursors i loko o nā haʻina wai kaomi. Hoʻokumu kēia ʻano hana i nā nanotubes a me nā nanowires me nā morphologies kūʻokoʻa, akā makemake i nā mea hana kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a hoʻopuka i nā kahawai ʻōpala wai e koi ana i ka mālama ʻana.

Hoʻopaneʻe ke ʻano paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka ʻauʻau paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa (ʻo ia hoʻi nā hui LiCl{1}}KCl) ma 500-700 degere. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka ʻenehana wai i ka diffusion ion wikiwiki, e hana ana i ka lithium titanate crystalline nui me nā waiwai electrochemical maikaʻi. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ikehu - i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ala paʻa paʻa kuʻuna, pono nā ʻōnaehana paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe i ka hoʻihoʻi paʻakai a me nā ʻōnaehana hana hou.

He mea koʻikoʻi ka mālama ʻana i ka maikaʻi i ka wā hana. Hōʻoia ka ʻokoʻa o nā hihi X{1}} i ka maʻemaʻe o ka pae, no ka mea, hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka nui o anatase a i ʻole rutile TiO₂ i ka hana. Hoʻopili ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka nui o nā ʻāpana i ka hoʻoili uila a me ka hana ʻana o ka pākaukau-nui loa a pilikia ka conductivity, liʻiliʻi loa a hui pū nā ʻāpana. Pono e noho ka wai ma lalo o 100 ppm no ka pale ʻana i ka pōʻino electrolyte i ka wā e hui pū ai.

Loaʻa maʻamau i nā pākaʻi Lithium titanate he 10,000 a 30,000 mau kaʻina hoʻokuʻu piha-ma mua o ka hiki ʻana i 80% mana, me kekahi mau ʻokoʻa mana kiʻekiʻe i helu ʻia no 45,000 pōʻai. ʻO nā pākahi lithium{10}}ion mau e hoʻohana ana i nā anodes graphite he 2,000-3,000 mau pōʻai ma lalo o nā kūlana like. ʻO kēia 5-15x ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi e unuhi i ka 20-30 mau makahiki hana ola i nā noi me ka holo kaʻa i kēlā me kēia lā, hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 5-8 mau makahiki no ka lithium-ion maʻamau.

ʻO ka hemahema o ka ikehu ka mea hiki ʻole i ka lithium titanate no nā mea uila uila. He 2{4}}3 manawa ka nui a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pākaukau atamai e hoʻohana ana i ka lithium titanate ma mua o nā hoʻolālā o kēia manawa e hāʻawi i ka manawa holo like. Hoʻomaka mua nā mea kūʻai aku i ka nui a me ke kaumaha ma mua o ka hoʻopiʻi wikiwiki a me nā pōmaikaʻi lōʻihi o ka lithium titanate. ʻO ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe e hoʻonāwaliwali i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mākeke kūʻai kūʻai.

ʻAe, hiki i nā pākahi lithium titanate ke hoʻopaʻa ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o Tesla Superchargers o kēia manawa ke hoʻolālā pono ʻia. Hoʻopaʻa nā pūnaewele hou loa o Toshiba i 80% i 1-6 mau minuke ma muli o ka pae mana, ʻoiai ʻo Tesla Superchargers e koi i 15-20 mau minuke no nā pae hoʻoiho like. Eia nō naʻe, pono kēia i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻouka mana kiʻekiʻe (400+ kW) ʻaʻole i loaʻa ākea, a ʻo ka hoʻopaʻi hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ikehu, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka pōkole o nā kaʻa lithium titanate no ka paona pākaukau like.

ʻEkolu mau mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka palekana lithium titanate: ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ka hana 1.55V hiki ke pale i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka lithium dendrite e hoʻoulu ai i nā kaʻa pōkole kūloko i nā anodes graphite. ʻO ka lua, ʻaʻole hana ka mea i kahi interface electrolyte paʻa i hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe exothermically. ʻO ke kolu, ʻoi aku ka paepae holo wela o 270 degere ma mua o ka nui o nā wela kūlana hoʻomāinoino, a ʻo ka -ʻano hana ʻino e pale aku i ka pōʻino mechanical mai nā hopena. Hāʻawi kēia mau hiʻohiʻona i nā cell lithium titanate e hele i ke komo ʻana o nā kui a me nā hoʻāʻo ʻana me ke ahi ʻole a pahū.

Lithium Titanate

Noho ka Lithium titanate i kahi niche i wehewehe ʻia akā e ulu nei i ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu. ʻAʻole e hoʻololi ka ʻenehana i ka lithium-iona maʻamau i nā smartphones a i ʻole -kaʻa lōʻihi kahi e hoʻoholo ai ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu. Akā, hoʻopuka ia i nā noi kahi e ʻae ʻia ai ke ola pōʻai, palekana, ka hoʻouka wikiwiki ʻana, a i ʻole ka hoʻomanawanui wela e ʻae i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka ikehu a me nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe.

Hōʻike ʻia ke alahele o ka ulu ʻana i ka lehulehu, kahi e hiki ai i ka hoʻopiʻi manawa ke hiki i nā ʻeke pākahi liʻiliʻi e hoʻopau i nā hoʻopaʻi kaumaha, a ma kahi o ke kumukūʻai hoʻololi ʻana o ka pākaukau ma mua o 12-15 mau makahiki o ke ola kaʻa e makemake i nā kemika lōʻihi. Hōʻike ʻia ka mālama ʻana i ka grid i kahi kūpono kūlohelohe, ʻoi aku no nā lawelawe hoʻoponopono alapine e koi ana i nā kaukani o nā pōʻai pāpaʻu i kēlā me kēia lā i nā makahiki he mau makahiki.

Hōʻike ʻia nā hana hou i loko o nā ʻano hana hybrid i ka ʻōlelo hoʻohiki-ka hui pū ʻana i nā anodes lithium titanate me nā cathodes hiki ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lithium titanate ma ke ʻano-kaʻa lōʻihi kahi e holo pinepine ai ka pākaukau liʻiliʻi. I ka emi ʻana o nā unahi hana a me nā kumukūʻai, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ke kemika i nā mākeke kūikawā ʻē aʻe. I kēia manawa, hōʻike ka lithium titanate e hilinaʻi nui ʻia ka kemika pākaukau maikaʻi loa i nā koi noi ma mua o ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi ʻenehana "maikaʻi" hoʻokahi no nā hoʻohana āpau.